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Episode #538

726 Demerits

#538 726 Demerits
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credit: Robert Lindneaux depiction of the Sand Creek Massacre

Karen:

Buffalo Calf Road Woman

Episode sources:

  1. “Resurrecting History's Forgotten Women: A Case Study from the Cheyenne Indians” by Rosemary and Joseph Agonito (University of Nebraska Press) 1981. 

  2. “Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence” by Martin J. Kidston (The Independent-Record) 2005.  

  3. “Historical fiction surprises even authors” by Virginia Bryan (The Billings Gazette) 2006. 

  4. Buffalo Calf Road Woman by Rosemary and Joseph Agonito.  

  5. “Warriors’ act kept secret for decades” by Lorna Thackeray (The Billings Gazette) 2005.

  6. “Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 (Horse Creek Treaty)” (National Park Service) 

  7. “My Relatives at Sand Creek” by Cinnamon Spear Kills First (CinnadocuTell) 2014. 

  8. “Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence” by Martin J. Kidston (Helen Air) 2005. 

  9. “Buffalo Calf Road Woman” by Kathryn S. Gardiner (League of Women Voters of Indiana) 2021. 

  10. “Wooden Leg, a warrior who fought Custer” by Wooden Leg.

  11. “Retrobituaries: Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Custer's Final Foe” by Ray Cavanaugh (Mental Floss) 2017. 

  12. “Bold Women: Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Woman Warrior” by Beth Judy (Montana Public Radio) 2023.

  13. “Native History: Murder of Chief Lean Bear Leads to War, Sand Creek Massacre” (National Park Service) 2017.

  14. “Sierra Club Applauds Northern Cheyenne Tribe For Opposing Trump Administration’s Attempt to Change Signage at Little Bighorn” (Sierra Club) 2026.

  15. “Battle of the Little Bighorn” (History) 2009.

  16. “A Young Mother at the Rosebud and Little Bighorn Battles” (Montana Women’s History) 2014.

  17. “Cheyenne” (Britannica) 

  18. “Colonel George Custer massacres Cheyenne on Washita River” (History) 2009.

  19. “‘Buffalo Calf Road Woman’ fuels controversy about Custer’s death” (Independent Record) 2005. 

  20. “How Horses Transformed Life for Plains Indians” by Dave Roos (History) 2020.

  21. “Sand Creek Massacre, 151 Years Later: Hearing, Healing the Echoes of the Past” by Konnie LeMay (ICT News) 2015.

  22. “Native Americans score victory at the Battle of the Rosebud” (History) 2009.

  23. “Preview: The Sand Creek Massacre and the Civil War” (Sand Creek Massacre Foundation) 

  24. “General George A. Custer Biography” by Kathryn Waineo (Military History of the Upper Great Lakes) 2019.

  25. “The end of Manifest Destiny” by David S Heidler (Britannica) 2026.

  26. “When the Cheyenne Acquired Horses in the 18th Century, the Connection Transformed the Tribe” by David McCormick (HistoryNet) 2023.

  27. “Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn” (PBS American Experience)

  28. “10 Surprising Facts About General Custer” by Christopher Klein (History) 2014.

  29. “George Armstrong Custer” by George J.W. Urwin (Britannica) 2026. 

  30. “The Truth About George Armstrong Custer” by Frederick J. Chiaventone (Cowboys and Indians) 2016.

  31. “Sand Creek Massacre” (National Park Service)

  32. “The Battle at Little Bighorn” (History) 

  33. “Account of the Battle at Little Bighorn (Recalled in 1898 by Two Moon)” (Encyclopedia)

  34. “Ken Burns: Confronting America's shameful, violent history makes us stronger as a nation” (Washington Post) 

  35. “The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: Washita, Battle of the” (Oklahoma Historical Society)

  36. “Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)” (National Archives) 

  37. “George Armstrong Custer” (American Battlefield Trust)

  38. “John Chivington” (National Park Service)

  39. “Battle of the Rosebud Creek, Montana” (Legends of America)

  40. “Native History: Colorado Territory Created Amidst Gold Rush” by Christina Rose (ICT) 2017.

  41. “Custer was the original far-right blowhard with extravagant locks” by Ben Hoyle (The Times) 2015.

  42. “Descendants of Sand Creek Massacre survivors speak about healing 159 years later” (PBS) 2023.

  43. “Battle of Rosebud Creek” (EBSCO) 2023. 

  44. “Cheyenne” (Wikipedia) 

  45. “Excerpts from Do All Indians Live in Tipis?” (National Museum of the American Indian)

  46. “How to Talk About Native Nations: A Guide” (National Governance Center) 2021. 

  47. “Reporting Guides” (Native American Journalists Association)

  48. “Northern Cheyenne Push Back Against Trump Administration’s Effort to Alter Little Bighorn History” by Levi Rickert (Native News Online) 2026.

  49. “The Rise and Fall of General Custer: 30 Defining Moments of a Reckless Legend” by Trista (History Collection) 2025.

  50. “Custer and Hostages” by Michael Donahue (True West Magazine) 2018.

  51. “Northern Cheyenne Exodus” by Joshua J. Mark (World History Encyclopedia) 2024.

  52. “National park signs related to Native Americans, climate change to be removed” by Jake Spring (The Washington Post) 2026. 

  53. “Project gives boost to Indian history” by Rob Chaney (The Billings Gazette) 2008.

  54. “Why We've Gotten 'Custer's Last Stand' Wrong for Nearly 150 Years” by Olivia B. Waxman (Time Magazine) 2023.

  55. “Feds order interpretive signs in Glacier, Little Bighorn, changed or removed” by Micah Drew (Daily Montanan) 2026.

  56. “Review of Holding Stone Hands: On the Trail of the Cheyenne Exodus by Alan Boye” by John H. Monnett (Great Plains Quarterly) 2001. 

 

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